Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Principle:

tDCS applies a low-intensity, constant electrical current through electrodes placed on the scalp to modulate neuronal excitability, either enhancing or suppressing activity in specific brain areas.

Mechanism:

The electrical current alters the resting membrane potential of neurons. Anodal stimulation (positive electrode) tends to depolarize neurons, increasing their excitability, while cathodal stimulation (negative electrode) hyperpolarizes neurons, decreasing their activity. Repeated sessions can induce neuroplastic changes that improve brain function and symptom management.

Safety:

tDCS is considered very safe with minimal side effects. Mild skin irritation or tingling sensations under the electrodes are common. Serious adverse effects are exceedingly rare. As with TMS, screening for conditions like epilepsy is recommended, though the low current generally poses little risk.